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Constantine the African
Constantine the African ((ラテン語:Constantinus Africanus); died before 1098/1099, Monte Cassino〔Francis Newton, “Constantine the African and Monte Cassino: New Elements and the Text of the Isagoge,” in ''Constantine the African and ‘Ali ibn al-’Abbas al-Magusi: The 'Pantegni' and Related Texts'', ed. Charles Burnett and Danielle Jacquart (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994), 16-47, pp. 20–23.〕) was a doctor of the eleventh century. The first part of his life was spent in North Africa and the rest in Italy. He first arrived in Italy in the coastal town of Salerno, where his work attracted attention from the local Lombard and Norman rulers. Constantine then became a Benedictine monk, living the last decades of his life at the abbey of Monte Cassino.〔Vera von Falkenhausen, "Costantino Africano," ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'', vol. 30 (1984), http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/costantino-africano_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/, accessed 14 Feb. 2014; Danielle Jacquart, "Constantinus Africanus," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', THREE. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson. Brill, 2012.〕
It was in Italy where Constantine compiled his vast opus, mostly composed of translations from Arabic sources. He translated into Latin books of the great masters of Arabic medicine: Razes Ali Ibn Massaouia Baghdad, Ibn Imran, Ibn Suleiman, and Ibn Al-Jazzar. These translations are housed today in libraries in Italy, Germany, France, Belgium, and England. They were used as textbooks from the Middle Ages to the seventeenth century.
==The historians of Constantine==
The twelfth century monk Peter the Deacon is the first historian to have written the biography of Constantine. He noted that Constantine was a 'Saracen', the medieval Franco-Italian term meaning a Muslim from North Africa. Later historians such as De Renzi and Daremberg, curator of the National Library in Paris, and Leclerc, author of ''History of Arab Medicine'', relied on this account. The German Steinscheider wrote a book dedicated to Constantine, which was printed in Berlin in 1865.〔See also: Steinschneider, Moritz, "Constantin's ''Liber de gradibus'' und ibn al Gezzar's ''Adminiculum''", in ''Deutsches Archiv fűr Geschichte der Medizin 2 (1879): 1-22〕 The Orientalist Karl Sudhoff made his Berber-Islamic thesis when he discovered new and important documents touching on Constantine's life and religion in the northern Italy; these documents were published in the journal Arkioun in 1922.
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